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2016年托福考试阅读长难句分析辅导
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1. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.
戴着面具身着盛装的人们，经常扮演各种其他人物、动物或超自然生灵，并且作为一个扮演者所能做的，就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜、降雨的来临，阳光的重现的结果。
2.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.
但是这些事实不能解释这个令人感兴趣的问题，就是为什么在一个特殊的靠近他们出生的地方如此的集中了这么多怀孕的鱼龙。
3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.
十九世纪一系列持续的机械进步，包括踏板的传入、金属结构的完善和钢丝最完美的质量，最后产生了一种能容纳无数音调-从最精致的和弦到一个成熟管弦的声音或从一个清澈的歌声到辉煌的敲击乐的效果-的乐器。
4.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.
虽然我们习惯于谈到1972年以前的电影是无声的，但用一句完全感性的话来说电影从来就不是没有声音的。
5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.
多年以来电影音乐的选择程序完全掌握在导演和音乐督导手中，通常拥有这些权力的主要资格并非是自身的技艺和品味而更多的是因为拥有大量的个人音乐素材库。
6.Rather, they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smooth, compact yarn from long wool fibers, dyed dark blue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow.
更进一步，他们是由一个顶层是毛纺或光滑的精纺羊毛织物制作，包含光滑，紧凑的纱线来自长羊毛的纤维染成兰黑色、绿色、或褐色底层含有粗糙天然的和暗黄色的毛纺材料。
7.For good measure, during the spring and summer drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the weary growers.
在春季和夏季，要精确量度干旱、热量、冰雹、蝗虫和其他损失可能是一件疲劳的事情。
8.What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.
我们今天所谓的美国民间艺术，实际上是普通老百姓的艺术、被普通老百姓创造的艺术和为普通老百姓和日常提到的“民间人士”的艺术，是一个他们在社会日渐繁荣和休闲情况下创建的一个包含各种各样尤其是肖像画种类的艺术的市场。
9.The people had no agriculture but, over thousands of years, had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment, basing their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon, halibut, and other varieties of fish; gathering abalone, mussels, clams, and other shellfish from the rocky coastline; hunting land and sea mammals; and collecting wild plant foods.
他们没有农业，但是经过几千年，已经发展了探索自身环境的技术和设备。他们是基于大量出现鲑鱼、大比目鱼和其他多种鱼类的自身流域和水岸捕鱼的经济;基于从落基山水岸聚集了鲍鱼、蚌类、蛤和其他贝壳动物的经济;基于捕猎地域和海洋哺乳动物的经济;以及基于收集野生植物的食物的经济;
10.The musicians within the orchestra’s ranks enrich their community immeasurably by ensuring that new generations of musicians, or simply music lovers, are given the kind of superior instruction that only an actively engaged, practicing musician can impart.
有管弦乐家的级别音乐家们可以无限制地有利于他们的团体，靠通过确保给新一代的音乐家们或简易的音乐爱好者们一种高级的指导，这种指导只能由一个活的已加入的具有实践经验的音乐家能传授。
11.Since Canadian metropolitan areas have only one-quarter the number of kilometers of superhighways per capita as United States metropolitan areas – and at least as much resistance to constructing more – suburbanization of peoples and functions is less extensive north of the border than south.
因为加拿大地大都市区域每城市高速公路公里总数量只有美国的四分之一，而且至少根据相当的居民数量去建设更多的高速公路，比较南部边界的而言，人群和设施的都市化在北部边界区延伸度较少。
12.They made available kinds of popular music heard previously only limited geographical areas or by specific ethnic and social groups – especially the blues, gospel songs, and jazz of African Americans and the traditional music of the southern Appalachian Mountains and other rural areas of the southern and western United States.
他们制造了相当多种类的流行音乐，这些音乐以前只限于在地理区域或特殊的种族和社会群体能被听到，尤其是象布噜斯、福音歌曲和非洲美国人的爵士乐和阿巴拉奇亚山脉南部和其他美国南部和西部的乡村区域传统音乐。
13.The development of the railroad and telegraph systems during the middle third of the nineteenth century led to significant improvements in the speed, volume, and regularity of shipments and communications, making possible a fundamental transformation in the production and distribution of goods.
雅思在第三个十九世纪中期铁路和电报系统的发展导致了在速度、音量和普通的船运和通讯上的明显的进步，使生产和分发货物方面的一个基础的转变有可能发生。
14.Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisans – originally trained as stonemasons, carpenters, or cabinetmakers – attacked the medium from which they were to make their images, and one understands more fully the development of sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century.
由于未受学校教育的艺术家们的胆却，他们通常被训练成石匠、木匠或家具师， 抨击了在媒体中他们以前造就的自我形象和一个理解，这个理解就是雕塑的发展在十八世纪晚期的美国更加完全的发生了。
15.Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involved the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant’s gazelles.
除了尽量去保持身体深处的低体温，这将包括支出水和能量，沙漠哺乳动物们允许他们的温度上升到一个通常来说是发烧的温度并且温度高达46摄氏度，这已被在格兰特瞪羚测得。
16.For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface.
【译文】除了早期漂洋过海的旅行者或靠海谋生的人之外，对大多数人来说，大海是遥远的，没有必要提出太多问题，更别说思考大海海底的东西了。
【析句】复合句，本句主干为the sea was remote and there was little reason to...，and连接两个并列句子，两个句子之间又有with the exception of...作伴随状语，伴随状语中又包含who earned a living from the sea定语从句修饰others。最后是习惯let alone...,注意let alone后的动词形式与前面主句动词形式相同。
17.Meanwhile, Apple Computer, which launched a video-capable version of its iPod portable music-player in October, is striking deals with television networks to expand the range of shows that can be purchased for viewing on the device, including “Lost”， “Desperate Housewives” and “Law &Order”. (The Economist Jan. 5, 2006)
【结构分析】本句使用了分隔结构，体现了非限制性定语从句分隔，从句which launched a video-capable version of its iPod portable music-player in October修饰主语Apple Computer(关系代词which在从句中作主语)分隔了主语和系动词。连接后得到Meanwhile, Apple Computer is striking deals with television networks to expand the range of shows…其中that又引导定语从句that can be purchased for viewing on the device…修饰先行词shows(关系代词that在从句作主语，从句中使用了被动语态)，句末的分词结构including “Lost”， “Desperate Housewives” and “Law &Order”作伴随状语，表明range of shows的具体内容。
【参考译文】与此同时，苹果电脑公司在10月发售了一款可以观看电视的便携式音乐播放器iPod，这个播放器大大帮助了电视网络扩大其可以供用户购买的、用于在移动终端的节目范围，包括《迷失》、《绝望的主妇》以及《法律与秩序》。
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