历年托福听力真题精选

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历年托福听力真题精选

　　Conversation 1

历年托福听力真题精选

　　女生想加入爵士乐队，尽管专业是其他但音乐是爱好，想继续保持。但教授的team已经不缺人了，教授建议她自己多关于Website，学生band会更新信息。

　　-TPO部分对应参考(社团生活TPO11-C1/TPO15-C1/TPO26-C1)

　　-TPO对应词汇

　　校内工作，课外活动

　　及寻找经济援助：

　　Letterof reference/recommendation

　　Competitive

　　Benefitfuture career

　　Fieldresearch

　　Collectdata for papers

　　Waiter,waitress，Babysitter

　　Workat the library

　　Qualification资格,qualified 合格的

　　Resume,CV

　　financialaid经济援助

　　ScholarshipFellowship

　　Teachingassistantship 助教奖学金

　　Researchassistantship 研究奖学金

　　Grant助学金

　　Loan 贷款

　　Need-based以需求为基础

　　Merit-based以优秀为基础

　　Studentunion 学生会

　　Clubs俱乐部

　　Membership成员资格

　　Careerservice

　　Lecture 1

　　自然科学类。讲矮行星是如何形成的，与行星的区别。一个是ejection theory，跟gravity的原因有关。第二个就是吸收的material无法发光，屏幕给了这两个theory的名词提醒。

　　-TPO部分对应参考(天文学TPO18-L1/TPO24-L4/T13-L4)

　　-参考背景

　　Sufficient internal pressure, caused by the body's gravitation, will turn abody plastic, andsufficient plasticity will allow high elevations to sink and hollows to fillin, a process known as gravitational relaxation. Bodies smaller than a fewkilometers are dominated by non-gravitational forces and tend to have anirregular shape. The Saturnian moon Methone, at around 3 km in diameter, is a roundedbut tidally elongated egg-shape. Larger objects, where gravitation issignificant but not dominant, are "potato" shaped; the more massivethe body is, the higher its internal pressure and the more rounded its shape,until the pressure is sufficient to overcome its internal compressive strength and it achieves hydrostatic equilibrium. At this point a body is as round as it is possible to be, given itsrotation and tidal effects, and is an ellipsoid in shape. This is the defining limit of a dwarf planet.

　　When an object is in hydrostatic equilibrium, a global layer of liquidcovering its surface would form a liquid surface of the same shape as the body,apart from small-scale surface features such as craters and fissures. If thebody does not rotate, it will be a sphere, but the faster it does rotate, themore oblate or even scalene it becomes. However, if such a rotating body were to be heated until itmelted, its overall shape would not change when liquid. The extreme example ofa non-spherical body in hydrostatic equilibrium is Haumea, whichis twice as long along its major axis as it is at the poles. If the body has amassive nearby companion, then tidal forces come into effect as well,distorting it into a prolate spheroid. An example of this is Jupiter's moon Io, which is the most volcanically active bodyin the Solar System due to effects of tidal heating. Tidal forces also cause a body's rotationto gradually become tidally locked, such that it always presents the same faceto its companion. An extreme example of this is the Pluto–Charon system, whereboth bodies are tidally locked to each other. Earth's Moon is also tidally locked, as are many satellites of the gas giants.

　　Lecture 2

　　社会科学类。人类从什么时候开始cultivated，然后举了个小麦的例子，后面又说data用电脑分析。

　　-TPO部分对应参考(考古学TPO14-L4/TPO23-L1/TPO24-L3)

　　-参考背景

　　Wheat is one of the first cereals known to have been domesticated, andwheat's ability to self-pollinate greatly facilitated the selection of manydistinct domesticated varieties. The archaeological record suggests that thisfirst occurred in the regions known as the Fertile Crescent. Recent findings estimate the firstdomestication of wheat down to a small region of southeastern Turkey, anddomesticated Einkorn wheat at Wadi el Jilat in Jordan—has been dated to 7,500-7,300 BCE

　　Cultivation of wheat began to spread beyond the Fertile Crescent afterabout 8000 BCE. Jared Diamond traces the spread of cultivated emmer wheat starting in the Fertile Crescent sometimebefore 8800 BCE. Archaeological analysis of wild emmer indicates that it was first cultivated in the southern Levant with finds at Iran dating back as far as 9600 BCE. Genetic analysis of wild einkorn wheatsuggests that it was first grown in the Karacadag Mountains in southeastern Turkey. Dated archeologicalremains of einkorn wheat in settlement sites near this region, including thoseat Abu Hureyra inSyria, suggest the domestication of einkorn near the Karacadag Mountain Range.With the anomalous exception of two grains from Iraq ed-Dubb, the earliest carbon-14 date for einkorn wheat remains at Abu Hureyra is 7800 to 7500 years BCE.

　　Remains of harvested emmer from several sites near the Karacadag Range havebeen dated to between 8600 and 8400 BCE, that is, in the Neolithic period. With the exception of Iraq ed-Dubb, theearliest carbon-14 dated remains of domesticated emmer wheat were found in theearliest levels of Tell Aswad, in the Damascus basin, near Mount Hermon in Syria. These remains were dated by Willem van Zeist and his assistant Johanna Bakker-Heeres to 8800BCE. They also concluded that the settlers of Tell Aswad did not develop thisform of emmer themselves, but brought the domesticated grains with them from anas yet unidentified location elsewhere.

　　Conversation 2

　　学生做了个trip plan给学生参观华盛顿，然后会有晚餐还有表演。部门的director就说要多填个form反映问题，好像是学校的policy变了。然后说performance,由historyclub表演，drama club写剧本，director说很棒。不过她担心场地问题还有资金问题，学生说提前买票会便宜。

　　-TPO部分对应参考(社团生活TPO11-C1/TPO15-C1/TPO26-C1)

　　-TPO对应词汇

　　校内工作，课外活动

　　及寻找经济援助：

　　Letterof reference/recommendation

　　Competitive

　　Benefitfuture career

　　Fieldresearch

　　Collectdata for papers

　　Waiter,waitress，Babysitter

　　Workat the library

　　Qualification资格,qualified 合格的

　　Resume,CV

　　financialaid经济援助

　　ScholarshipFellowship

　　Teachingassistantship 助教奖学金

　　Researchassistantship 研究奖学金

　　Grant助学金

　　Loan 贷款

　　Need-based以需求为基础

　　Merit-based以优秀为基础

　　Studentunion 学生会

　　Clubs俱乐部

　　Membership成员资格

　　Careerservice

　　Lecture 3

　　艺术类。讲一幅画究竟画的莎士比亚。在一个private collection上第一次出现，有人说画像中的人是莎士比亚。但一直有debate,因为觉得当时的playwright没有地位，不能穿这样的衣服。

　　-TPO部分对应参考(美术学TPO3-L3/TPO15-L3/TPO21-L4)

　　-参考背景

　　Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith.Between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor,writer, and part-owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men. Heappears to have retired to Stratford around 1613 at age 49, where he died threeyears later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive, and there hasbeen considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, sexuality, religious beliefs, and whether the works attributed to him were written by others.

　　Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. Hisearly plays were mainly comedies and histories andthese works remain regarded as some of the best work produced in these genres.He then wrote mainly tragedies untilabout 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the English language. In his lastphase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, andcollaborated with other playwrights.

　　Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality andaccuracy during his lifetime. In 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two friends and fellow actors ofShakespeare, published the First Folio, a collected edition of his dramatic worksthat included all but two of the plays now recognized as Shakespeare's. It wasprefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Shakespeare is hailed,presciently, as "not of an age, but for all time". In the 20th and21st century, his work has been repeatedly adopted and rediscovered by newmovements in scholarship and performance. His plays remain highly popular todayand are constantly studied, performed, and reinterpreted in diverse culturaland political contexts throughout the world.

　　Lecture 4

　　生命科学类。动物储存食物。教授说有两种研究。一种是一天给早餐，一天不给。一段时间后，即使天天给，鸟类也会在一三五早上为了future来store食物。另一种是鸟类分两组，一组store食物时，有其他鸟observe,另一组store食物时没有其他鸟observe。然后发现第一组会在其他鸟走后重新store食物。结论是鸟类有future plan,还用mental思考。

　　-TPO部分对应参考(动物学TPO8-L1/TPO16-L3/TPO23-L3)

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