大学生英语专八听力MP3辅导材料

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大学生英语专八听力MP3辅导材料

　　SECTION A MINI-LECTURE

　　In this section, you will hear a mini-lecture. You willhear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, takenotes on the important points. Your notes will not bemarked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture isover, you'll be given two minutes to check yournotes, and another 10 minutes to complete thegap-filling task. Now listen to the mini-lecture.

　　Good morning. Today's lecture is about themotivation for words. First, what is motivation? Motivation deals with the connection betweenname and sense. In the previous lecture, we have mentioned two rival schools of thought:one school is the Naturalists, who believed that there was an intrinsic connection betweensound and sense; the other school is the Conventionalists, who held that the connectionbetween sound and sense was purely a matter of tradition and convention. The firstmotivation is the onomatopoeic motivation.

　　The word onomatopoeia is derived from the Greek word onomatopoeia, which means "word-making". Onomatopoeic motivation means defining the principle of motivation by sound. Thesounds of such words as cuckoo, ding-dong, buzz seem to be appropriate to their senses.But it has to be pointed out that onomatopoeic words constitute only a small part of thevocabulary. According to Stephen Ullmann, onomatopoeic formation can be divided intoprimary onomatopoeia and secondary onomatopoeia. Primary onomatopoeia means theimitation of sound by sound. Here the sound is truly an "echo to the sense". Terms like crack,growl, hum, roar, squeak, whiz and a great many fall into this category.

　　Secondary onomatopoeia means that certain sounds and sound-sequences are associated withcertain senses in an expressive relationship. In this form, the sounds evoke a movement, asin such words: quiver, wriggle, slither. The sound may also evoke some physical or moralquality, usually unfavorable. For example, gloom, slimy, sloppy, sloth. Some of theseonomatopoeic terms have certain elements in common. For example, the sound /sn/ mayexpress three types of experiences. They are, first, "breath-noise" as in sniff, snuff, snore,snort, second, "quick separation or movement" as in snip, snap, snatch, and third, "creeping"as in snake, snail, sneak. Final groups have similar functions. For example, the combination of— are at the end of a word suggests "big light or noise" as in blare, flare, glare, stare; thecombination of -ump at the end of a word suggests "heavy fall" as in dump, crump, plump,slump, thump.

　　Another interesting feature of onomatopoeic patterns is that they often work by vowelalternation. By substituting one vowel for another, one can express different noises. Forexample: snip---snap, sniff---snuff, flip---flap---flop. Closely connected to this tendency arereduplicated words and phrases, such as wishy-washy, tit-tat, tick-tock, click-clack. It should benoted that many onomatopoeic forms are based on alternations of not vowels but of initialconsonants, such as higgledy-piggledy, helter-skelter, namby-pamby, roly-poly etc.

　　The second motivation is semantic motivation. Semantic motivation means that motivation isbased on semantic factors. It is a kind of mental association. When we speak of the bonnetof a car, a coat of paint, or when we speak of potatoes cooked in their jackets, theseexpressions are motivated by the similarity between the garments and the objects referredto. In the same way, when we say the cloth for the clergy, "town and gown" for "town anduniversity", there is semantic motivation due to the fact that the garments in question areclosely associated with the persons they designate. Both types of expressions are figurative:the former are metaphoric and the latter are metonymic. We can see that semantic motivationis closely connected with figures of speech. Here I'll name three of them.

　　First, metaphor. Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison. Forexample: "he has a heart of stone". "The curtain of night has fallen." Another figure of speechis metonymy. It is a device in which we name something by one of its attributes, as in crownfor king, the turf for horse-racing, the White House for the US president. Similar to metonymyis synecdoche, which means the substitution of a part for a whole or a whole for a part, as inbread for food, the army for a soldier, etc.

　　Apart from onomatopoeic motivation and semantic motivation, there is also logical motivation.Logical motivation deals with the problem of defining a concept by means of logic. A definitionhas two forms. A common form of definition is"This means such and such." "Fat" means"having much flesh". Another form of definition is "This means the same as that" or"This isequivalent to that". "Fat" means "the same as obese'. These two forms of the definition showthat a definition has two parts: the word being defined, and the definition that is beingmade.

　　Giving a definition involves two steps to be taken. One step is to identify the concept of agenus, that is, a class of things made up of two or more subordinate classes or species. Theother step is to identify the attributes distinguishing one species from other similar species inthe same genus. A combination of these two approaches helps to define a concept. Forexample, in the 1950's, there appeared a new crisis gripping the minds of part of the Americanyouth. These young people felt disturbance and anxiety about their personality developmentand adjustment. This crisis is called an identity crisis. The word "crisis' is a genus, whichconsists of two or more species, such as spiritual crisis, economic crisis, political crisis, etc.The expression "identity crisis" is used to distinguish itself from other crisis.

　　So far we have covered the three motivations for words: onomatopoeic motivation, semanticmotivation, and logical motivation. However, it is not always easy to identify clearly themotivation for each word in our vocabulary. In such case, we may say the motivation is lost.There may be two factors which lead to loss of motivation. One is a change in the morphologicalstructure of a word, and the other factor is change of meaning.

　　In next lecture, we'll discuss these two changes in detail. This is the end of today's lecture.Thank you for your attention.

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　　Section B INTERVIEW

　　In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY.Listen carefully and then answer the questions thatfollow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview.At the end of the interview, you will be given 10seconds to answer each of the following 5 questions.Now listen to the interview.

　　Interviewer(W): Today I'd like to welcome EdwardFox, a seasoned real-estate agent, who is going totalk to us about buying a house. Hello, Edward.

　　Edward Fox (M): Hello.

　　W: Now Edward, for most people buying a house is a major life event, and probably the singlemost expensive item they are ever likely to buy. What precautions do they have to take beforea real purchase? Can you give some suggestions?

　　M: You are right in saying buying a house costs a lot. But as to me, the most important thingto consider before buying any property is the location.

　　W: Location?

　　M: Right. Because it is where you plan to spend a large part of your life. Or, indeed, the rest ofyour life in some circumstances. Therefore, consider the type of life you enjoy leading. If you area very sociable person who enjoys nightclubs and discos, you may consider something close toa city. Anyway, a city is convenient for all types of nightlife.

　　W: Then, for those who seek a quiet life, do you recommend a house in the countryside?

　　M: Well, countryside is a tranquil place. However, do remember that proximity to the place ofwork also counts. Indeed, we spend most of our life at work, and you don't want to have tospend two or more hours every day traveling to work, do you? Therefore, transport is of theutmost importance. City suburbs, however, are often conveniently located for commuting towork, or for shopping, without being in the heart of a busy city.

　　W: But houses in the suburbs are far more expensive than those in cities.

　　M: They seem to be, but actually houses located in cities can often exceed the price ofsuburban houses, so check out the prices. You may be surprised.

　　W: Really? So we should consider our place of work and personality in choosing the location. Isthat so?

　　M: I'm afraid you have to take family into consideration as well. You may prefer a house that isaway from a busy street or main road. And of course, remember that children have to attendschool. If you have children, or you plan to have children, location is a very important factor.And of course, remember that a family influences the size of the property.

　　W: Oh, I see. How many types of houses can we choose?

　　M: There are various types of houses. The first is called detached houses, which stand alone,and are not joined by another building. Then there are semi-detached houses, which are themost common. This is because they are, in fact, two houses joined together, and therefore takeup less space. And there are town houses, too, which are many houses joined together to forma long row. But don't think that town houses are less expensive than semi-detached houses.They rarely are. This is because they are usually built in cities where the price of property isvery expensive.

　　W: Then what about old houses? They must be cheaper than new ones.

　　M: Maybe they are. But if the house is too old, you may be faced with expensive repairs andrenovation bills. So have a house thoroughly checked by a professional surveyor before youdecide to buy.

　　W: I agree. It's economical to buy old houses only when they are in good condition. By theway, a lot of property has a garden attached to it. Do you think it's a good choice?

　　M: It's true that a lot of property has a garden. If you enjoy gardening, that's fine. But if youdon't enjoy gardening then you may prefer a small garden, as opposed to a big one. But evenif you do enjoy gardening it is important to remember that gardens take up a lot of your time.So keeping a garden in good order may be very difficult if you work long hours.

　　W: You are quite right. Any other suggestions?

　　M: One final thing is the general feel of the place. Does it have a good atmosphere? And mostimportant of all, would you feel comfortable living there?

　　W: Edward, I never knew I had to consider so many things while buying a house. Thank youvery much for talking with us.

　　M: My pleasure.

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　　Section C NEWS BROADCAST

　　In this section, you will hear everything ONCE ONLY.Listen carefully and then answer the questions thatfollow. Questions 6 to 7 are based on the followingnews. At the end of the news item, you will be given10 seconds to answer each of the two questions.Now listen to the news.

　　This is Nicodemus, the first all-black pioneer town,established on the prairie 128 years ago. Everysummer this tiny town holds a homecoming with agathering and parade to celebrate its heritage.

　　In 1877 freed slaves came to a barren spot in Kansas to make a place where they coulddetermine their own lives.

　　They had been encouraged to come to the barren prairie by unscrupulous land agents. Livingin earth-covered huts the settlers used their determination and farming skills and a townbegan to take shape. Some of the original structures remain.

　　First built were two churches, then a schoolhouse and later a small hotel and a town hall.

　　Today, Nicodemus is like many struggling mid-western towns where the young people leave forthe cities. It is now a National Historic Site and tourists and African-Americans from all overcome to see where black pioneers built their own town from the ground up.

　　Question 8 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.

　　Mechanized carnival attractions draw big crowds at the Maryland State Fair. But there isanother side to this event. It is a scene that looks like it is right off the farm.

　　The fair is a yearly event that helps America's largely urban-dwelling population reconnectwith its agrarian roots.

　　Fairs were originated hundreds of years ago in various forms and certainly the fair as we know itis about a hundred years old. It was a place for the agricultural community to get together andshow off what they had done over the past year.

　　Farmland scenes like this have become ever less common across the United States. But itseems they will always be preserved at America's state fairs.

　　Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will begiven 10 seconds to answer each of the two questions. Now listen to the news.

　　The World Health Organization warns between 25 and 35 percent of the world populationcould be affected by a human influenza pandemic, but the WHO says most people wouldsurvive.

　　Health experts are meeting at the World Health Organization in Geneva to map out a plan ofaction to combat the possible spread of avian flu. The World Health Organization GlobalInfluenza Program Director Klaus Stohr says between two and seven million people would diefrom a mild pandemic and up to 28 million would be hospitalized. He adds everything has to beput into perspective.

　　The WHO calculation is based on the prospect of a mild influenza outbreak, such as thosewhich occurred in 1957 and 1968. Those pandemics killed three million people. It acknowledgesthat deaths could skyrocket in the event of a severe influenza pandemic, such as the one thatswept the world in 1918, killing more than 40 million people.

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